Celebs of the 1920s That People Looked Up to as Far as Fashion
Canadian Home Journal, 1920
Brazilian women salute Belgian monarchs on their arrival in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. 2 Oct 1920
A drawing picturing French women'south fashion, c.1921
Tennis player, Australia 1924
Western mode in the 1920s underwent a modernization. For women, fashion had connected to change away from the extravagant and restrictive styles of the Victorian and Edwardian periods, and towards looser clothing which revealed more than of the arms and legs, that had begun at least a decade prior with the ascent of hemlines to the talocrural joint and the movement from the S-bend corset to the columnar silhouette of the 1910s. Men also began to clothing less formal daily attire and athletic wear or 'Sportswear' became a office of mainstream fashion for the beginning fourth dimension. The 1920s are characterized by ii distinct periods of fashion: in the early part of the decade, change was slower, and at that place was more reluctance to habiliment the new, revealing pop styles. From 1925, the public more than passionately embraced the styles now typically associated with the Roaring Twenties. These styles connected to characterize fashion until the worldwide depression worsened in 1931.
Overview [edit]
After Earth State of war I, the United States entered a prosperous era and, as a effect of its role in the war, came out onto the earth phase. Social customs and morals were relaxed in the optimism brought on by the end of the war and the booming of the stock market. Women were entering the workforce in record numbers. In the U.s.a., there was the enactment of the 18th Subpoena, or as many know it, Prohibition, in 1920. Prohibition stated that it would exist illegal to sell and consume alcohol. This lasted until 1933, so information technology was a constant for the whole 1920s era. They instilled this "noble experiment" to reduce law-breaking and corruption, solve social problems, reduce the tax burden created by prisons and poorhouses, and improve health and hygiene. The nationwide prohibition on booze was ignored past many resulting in speakeasies. Some other important amendment in the U.s. was the 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote. There was a revolution in well-nigh every sphere of act. Manner was no exception; women entered the workforce and earned the right to vote, and they felt liberated. Manner trends became more attainable, masculine, and practical, creating the emergence of "The New Woman". Flappers was a popular name given to women of this fourth dimension considering of what they wore. The constrictive corset, an essential undergarment to brand the waist thinner, became a matter of the past.[1]
The development of new fabrics and new means of fastening clothing affected fashions of the 1920s. Natural fabrics such as cotton wool and wool were the arable fabrics of the decade. Silk was highly desired for its luxurious qualities, but the limited supply made it expensive. In the late 19th century, "artificial silk" was kickoff made in France, from a solution of cellulose. After being patented in the United States, the start American plant began production of this new cloth, in 1910. This fiber became known every bit rayon. Rayon stockings became popular in the decade as a substitute for silk stockings. Rayon was as well used in some undergarments. Many garments earlier the 1920s were fastened with buttons and lacing. However, during this decade, the development of metallic hooks and eyes meant that there were easier means of fastening habiliment. Hooks and eyes, buttons, zippers, and snaps were all used to fasten vesture.
Vastly improved production methods enabled manufacturers to hands produce wear affordable past working families. The boilerplate person's fashion sense became more sophisticated. Meanwhile, working-class women looked for mod forms of apparel as they transitioned from rural to urban careers. Taking their cue from wealthier women, working women began wearing less expensive variations on the solar day suit, adopting a more modernistic wait that seemed to suit their new, technologically focused careers as typists and telephone operators.[2]
Although simple lines and minimal adornment reigned on the runways, the 1920s were not free of luxury. Expensive fabrics, including silk, velvet, and satin were favored by high-stop designers, while section stores carried less expensive variations on those designs made of newly available synthetic fabrics. The utilise of mannequins became widespread during the 1920s and served as a way to show shoppers how to combine and accessorize the new fashions. The mod fashion cycle, established in the 1920s, still dominates the industry today. Designers favored separates in new fabrics like bailiwick of jersey that could be mixed and matched for work and modernistic, breezy, un-chaperoned social activities similar attending films or the theater and motorcar rides.[2]
Women's vesture [edit]
Bellas Hess and Visitor advertise item, 1920
By early 1920s, most women not dared to bob their pilus, so they pinned upward to look shorter. Mlle Cayet, Queen of Parisian Carnival, 1922
Between 1922 and 1923, the waistline dropped to the hips. The 1920s classic tubular fashion was born. Parisian fashion business firm Madeleine-et-Madeleine pattern, Jan, 1922.
Paris set the manner trends for Europe and North America.[3] The manner for women was all about letting loose. Women wore dresses all solar day, every twenty-four hour period. Twenty-four hour period dresses had a drop waist, which was a belt around the low waist or hip and a brim that hung anywhere from the talocrural joint on up to the knee, never in a higher place. Daywear had sleeves (long to mid-bicep) and a brim that was directly, pleated, hank hem, or tiered. Hair was often bobbed, giving a boyish await.[4]
Habiliment fashions changed with women's changing roles in club, especially with the idea of new fashion. Although society matrons of a certain age connected to article of clothing bourgeois dresses, the sportswear worn past forrard-looking and younger women became the greatest alter in post-state of war way. The tubular dresses of the 'teens had evolved into a like silhouette that now sported shorter skirts with pleats, gathers, or slits to allow motion. The most memorable fashion trend of the Roaring Twenties was undoubtedly "the flapper" wait. The flapper dress was functional and flattened the bosom line rather than accentuating information technology.[1]
The directly-line chemise topped by the close-fitting cloche hat became the uniform of the day. Women "bobbed", or cut, their hair short to fit under the popular hats, a radical motion in the get-go, but standard by the cease of the decade. Low-waisted dresses with fullness at the hemline immune women to literally boot up their heels in new dances similar the Charleston. In 1925, "shift" type dresses with no waistline emerged. At the end of the decade, dresses were being worn with straight bodices and collars. Tucks at the lesser of the bodices were popular, also as knife-pleated skirts with a hem approximately one inch below the knee.[5]
In the globe of fine art, fashion was being influenced heavily by fine art movements such as surrealism. Elsa Schiaparelli is one key Italian designer of this decade who was heavily influenced by the "beyond the existent" art and incorporated information technology into her designs.
Proper attire for women was enforced for morning, afternoon, and evening activities. In the early on part of the decade, wealthy women were withal expected to change from a morning to an afternoon apparel. These afternoon or "tea gowns" were less form-fitting than evening gowns, featured long, flowing sleeves, and were adorned with sashes, bows, or bogus flowers at the waist. For evening wear the term "cocktail clothes" was invented in France for American clientele. With the "New Woman" also came the "Drinking Woman". The cocktail dress was styled with a matching lid, gloves, and shoes. What was so unique nearly the cocktail dress was that it could exist worn not just at cocktail hours (six and 8pm), but by manipulating and styling the accessories correctly could be worn appropriately for any consequence from 3 pm to the belatedly evening. Evening gowns were typically slightly longer than tea gowns, in satin or velvet, and embellished with chaplet, rhinestones, or fringe.[ii]
Accessories [edit]
One of the key accessories in the 20s was the Cloche hat. "In 1926 Faddy stated 'The Bob Rules', just ix years subsequently the influential dancer, Irene Castle, cut her hair. This trending topic inspired a 1920 curt story by F. Scott Fitzgerald, called Bernice Bobs Her Hair, and many editorials in Vogue throughout the decade."[half dozen] The bob hairstyle matched perfectly with the loose and direct silhouette of the times. During this era Faddy gave credit to this new cutting for the immense success of the hat business. New haircuts meant new styled hats, therefore at that place was a new craze for hats. The cloche hat and the bob were basically made for each other.
Jewelry was less conspicuous.[7] Jewelry was much less elaborate, and began using 'romantic', more natural shapes. The Art Nouveau motility of 1890-1910 inspired nigh of the natural forms and geometric shapes of the jewelry during the 1920s. "Artful clean lines were inspired by designs found in industrial machines. A key influence of this modernism was the influential Bauhaus movement, with its philosophy of grade post-obit function. Contrasting textures and colour were also in manner. Examples of changing tastes in design were the use of diamonds being set against onyx or trans lucid vitrines and amethysts juxtaposed confronting opaque coral and jade."[8] Even though geometric shapes and cleaner shaped jewelry were now a trend, one of the primal pieces was the long rope pearl necklace. The long rope pearl necklace was a signature fake piece that was sold everywhere at the time. It was inexpensive and basic in a woman's wardrobe. "Although buffeted past cycles of blast, depression and war, jewelry design between the 1920s and 1950s continued to be both innovative and glamorous. Sharp, geometric patterns historic the machine age, while exotic creations inspired by the Near and Far East hinted that jewelry fashions were truly international."[nine]
Shoes were finally visible during the 1920s. Before, long garments covered upward shoes, so they weren't an of import part of women's fashion. Now, shoes were seen by anybody and played an of import office during the 1920s. Women had all kinds of shoes for all kinds of events. Everything from business firm shoes, walking shoes, dancing shoes, sporting shoes, to swimming shoes. The shoe manufacture became an important industry that transformed the way we buy shoes today. Shoes were made in standard sizes perfect to gild from way catalogs to the near boutique. In the beginning of the 1920s, Mary Janes were still popular from previous era, although they paved the way for the invention of many other shoes. The T-strap heel was a variation of the Mary Jane, having the same base with the improver of a strap going effectually the heel and down to the peak of the shoe that looked similar a T. As well, "The bar shoe which fastened with a strap and a single button became pop during the 1920s. It was worn with the new curt skirts and was applied for their vigorous style of dancing."[10]
The influence of jazz [edit]
"The Jazz Age", a term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald, was a phrase used to represent the mass popularity of jazz music during the 1920s.[11] Both jazz music and dance marked the transition from the archaic societal values of the Victorian era to the arrival of a new youthful mod social club. Jazz gained much of its popularity due to its perceived exoticism, from its Afro-American roots to its melodic and soulful rhythm. The music itself had quite an alluring upshot on the new youthful society and was considered to be the pulse of the 1920s due to its spontaneity. With new music emerged new dancing. Jazz dances, such as the Charleston, replaced the slow waltz. Paul Whitman popularized jazz dance. In fact, jazz music and dance are responsible for the origin of the iconic term "flapper", a group of new socially anarchistic ladies. When dancers did the Charleston, the fast movement of the feet and swaying of the arms resembled the flapping movements of a bird.[xi] Jazz music sparked the need to dance, and dance sparked the need for new clothing, especially for women to easily dance without existence constricted.
Dances such as the Charleston and the Blackness Bottom in particular created a need for a revival in women's evening wearable due to the dynamic and lively mode of these jazz dances. Wearing apparel and skirt hems became shorter in order to allow the trunk to move more hands. In addition, decorative embellishments on dresses such every bit fringe threads swung and jingled in sync with the move of the body. Lastly, the utilize of sleeky and ornate textiles mirrored light to the tempo of jazz music and dance.[12] Jazz music and its perceived exotic nature had both a flamboyant influence on style while keeping both form and part in listen.
Jazz and its influence on manner reached even further, with both jazz and dance motifs making their way onto textiles. These new textile designs included uneven repetitions and linear geometric patterns. Many cloth patterns produced in the The states as well incorporated images of both jazz bands and people dancing to jazz.[13] The impress Rhapsody shows a textile produced in 1925 representing a jazz ring in a polka-dot like way.[xiv] Not only did textiles take motifs of people dancing and playing jazz music, they included designs that were based on the overall rhythmic feel and sound of jazz music and trip the light fantastic toe.
The boyish figure [edit]
Undergarments began to transform later on World War I to conform to the ethics of a flatter chest and more boyish figure. The female figure was liberated from the restrictive corset, and newly popular the boyish look was achieved through the employ of bosom bodices. Some of the new pieces included chemises, sparse camisoles, and cami-knickers, later on shortened to panties or knickers. These were primarily made from rayon and came in soft, calorie-free colors in social club to be worn under semi-transparent fabrics.[fifteen] Immature flappers took to these styles of underwear due to the ability to move more than freely and the increased comfort when dancing to the high tempo jazz music. During the mid-1920s, all-in-one lingerie became popular.
For the beginning time in centuries, women's legs were seen with hemlines ascension to the knee and dresses becoming more fitted. A more masculine look became popular, including flattened breasts and hips, curt hairstyles such equally the bob cut, Eton ingather, and the Marcel wave. The mode was seen as expressing a bohemian and progressive outlook.
One of the starting time women to wear trousers, cutting her pilus short, and refuse the corset was Coco Chanel. Probably the virtually influential adult female in fashion of the 20th century, Chanel did much to farther the emancipation and freedom of women'southward style.
Jean Patou, a new designer on the French scene, began making ii-slice sweater and skirt outfits in luxurious wool jersey and had an instant hit for his morning dresses and sports suits. American women embraced the clothes of the designer equally perfect for their increasingly active lifestyles.
By the end of the 1920s, Elsa Schiaparelli stepped onto the stage to correspond a younger generation. She combined the thought of classic pattern from the Greeks and Romans with the modernistic imperative for liberty of motility. Schiaparelli wrote that the ancient Greeks "gave to their goddesses... the serenity of perfection and the fabulous appearance of liberty." Her own estimation produced evening gowns of elegant simplicity. Parting from the chemise, her clothes returned to an awareness of the body beneath the evening gown.
- Style gallery 1920–25
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Summer sport suit, 1920.
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Actress Elaine Hammerstein, 1921. The brow was usually covered in the 1920s, here by a hat reaching to the eyebrows.
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Rolled stockings, 1922.
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Robe de mode, Lanvin, 1922.
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Dress with a dropped waist and width at the hips, 1923.
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Teenage girls in Minnesota wearing breeches and riding boots with men's neckties, 1924.
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By 1925, skirts concluded only beneath the knee. Tunic-tops and sweaters reaching to the hips were pop.
- Way gallery 1926–29
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Actress Aileen Pringle wearing a cloche hat and boldly patterned coat, 1926.
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Actress Alice Joyce in a straight dress with a sheer beaded overdress, 1926.
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A painting showing the mid-decade silhouette at its simplest: languid pose, bobbed pilus, knee-length dress with dropped waist, 1926.
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Woman with Umbrella, Ipolit Strâmbu, 1927. Designers used multiple hemlines (here, tiers of ruffles) to accustom the eye to longer skirts. This clothes foreshadows the higher waist and feminine expect that spread to everyday fashion by the early on 1930s.
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Adult female hiding a hip flask tucked in her garter chugalug during Prohibition, late 1920s.
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May 1928, abdomen and curves. After many years of a "stovepipe" silhouette, "natural" curves were beginning to reappear.[16]
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Knee-length, pleated skirts and dropped waists were still popular as everyday clothes in 1929, though Paris designers were already showing longer skirts and college waistlines.
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Bridesmaids gowns of 1929 take knee-length underskirts and longer, sheer over skirts, foreshadowing the trend toward longer skirts. Minnesota, 1929.
Menswear [edit]
In menswear, there were ii distinct periods in the 1920s. Throughout the decade, men wore curt adapt jackets, the old long jackets being used merely for formal occasions. In the early 1920s, men's mode was characterized by extremely high-waisted jackets, often worn with belts. Lapels on arrange jackets were not very wide as they tended to be buttoned upwardly high. This style of jacket seems to have been greatly influenced by the uniforms worn past the military during the First Earth State of war. Trousers were relatively narrow and straight and they were worn rather short so that a man's socks often showed. Trousers likewise began to be worn cuffed at the bottom at this time.
Past 1925, wider trousers commonly known as Oxford bags came into manner, while suit jackets returned to a normal waist and lapels became wider and were oft worn peaked. Loose-fitting sleeves without a taper also began to be worn during this period. During the late 1920s, double-breasted vests, oft worn with a single-breasted jacket, besides became quite fashionable. During the 1920s, men had a variety of sport wearing apparel bachelor to them, including sweaters and short trousers (commonly known in American English as knickers). For formal occasions in the daytime, a morning suit was usually worn. For evening habiliment men preferred the brusk tuxedo to the tail coat, which was at present seen as rather old-fashioned and snobby.
Men's fashion as well became less regimented and formal. Men favored brusque jackets with two or three buttons rather than jackets with long tailcoats equally well as pinstriped suits. Casual-wear for men often included knickers, short pants that came to the human knee.[one] The most formal men's adjust consisted of a black or midnight-blue worsted swallow-tailed glaze trimmed with satin, and a pair of matching trousers, trimmed downwards the sides with broad braid or satin ribbon.[17] A white bow tie, blackness silk superlative hat, white gloves, patent leather Oxford shoes, a white silk handkerchief, and a white flower boutonnière completed the outfit. The tuxedo vest could be black or white, but, different the obligatory full-dress white tie, tuxedos ties were always black. Men usually completed their tuxedo outfit with all the same accessories as the full-clothes suit, except that instead of tiptop hats they would wear dark, dome-shaped hats called bowlers. Just like women, men had certain attire that was worn for sure events. Tuxedos were appropriate attire at the theater, pocket-sized dinner parties, entertaining in the dwelling house, and dining in a eatery. During the early on 1920s, most men'southward dress shirts had, instead of a collar, a narrow neckband with a buttonhole in both the forepart and back. By the mid-1920s, notwithstanding, many men preferred shirts with attached collars, which were softer and more comfortable than rigid, detachable collars.[17]
- Men's hats
Men's hats were usually worn depending on their form, with upper class citizens usually wearing top hats or a homburg hat. Eye-grade men wore either a fedora, bowler hat, or a trilby hat. During the summer months, a straw boater was popular for upper class and centre-class men. Working-class men wore a standard newsboy cap or a flat cap.
- Mode gallery
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Publisher Edward Beale McLean wearing a three-piece striped suit with a spread-collar shirt, 1924.
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German aviators, ane a prince, 1929.
Manner influences and trends [edit]
During the 1920s, the notion of keeping upward with fashion trends and expressing oneself through textile goods seized heart-class Americans equally never before. Purchasing new clothes, new appliances, new automobiles, new annihilation indicated one'due south level of prosperity. Being considered onetime-fashioned, out-of-date, or—worse nevertheless—unable to beget stylish new products was a fate many Americans went to great lengths to avoid.[17]
For women, face, effigy, crew, posture, and training had become of import style factors in improver to clothing. In detail, cosmetics became a major industry. Women did not feel ashamed for caring about their appearance and it was a annunciation of cocky-worth and vanity, hence why they no longer wanted to achieve a natural look. For evenings and events, the popular look was a smoky centre with long lashes, rosy cheeks and a bold lip. To emphasize the eyes, Kohl eyeliner became pop, and was the offset time they knew anything of eyeliner (information almost Egyptian fashion was not discovered until afterward in the 1920s). Women also started wearing foundation and using pressed powder. Likewise, with the invention of the swivel lipstick, lipstick was on the rising with vivid colors and they applied their lipstick to achieve a cupid'southward bow and "bee stung" look.
Glamour was at present an important fashion trend due to the influence of the picture show manufacture and the famous female person movie stars. Style, at many social levels, was heavily influenced by the newly created, larger-than-life motion-picture show stars. For the offset time in history, fashion influences and trends were coming from more than i source.[5] Not different today, women and men of the 1920s looked to movie stars every bit their fashion icons. Women and men wanted to emulate the styles of Hollywood stars such as Louise Brooks, Greta Garbo, Rudolph Valentino, and Clark Gable.[1]
Work apparel [edit]
For working class women in the 1920s, tailored suits with a straight, curve less cut were pop. Throughout the decade, the lengths of skirts were rise to the knee and and so to the ankle diverse times affecting the brim style of tailored suits.[18] Rayon, an artificial silk fabric, was most common for working-form women clothing.[nineteen]
For working-class men in the 1920s, suits were popular. Depending on the chore title and season of the twelvemonth, the suit would change.[20] These would accept featured high lapels and were often made of thick wool material before the advent of key heating.[21]
Children's fashion [edit]
Fashion for children started to become more fashionable and comfy in the 1920s. Clothes were made out of cotton and wool rather than silk, lace, and velvet. Apparel were also made more than sturdy in social club to withstand play. During previous decades, many layers were worn; still, during the 1920s, minimal layers became the new standard.[22]
For girls, habiliment became looser and shorter. Dresses and skirts were now knee length and loose fitting. Shoes were also made out of sheet, making them lighter and easier to wear.[22]
For boys, knee-length trousers were worn all year long and would be accompanied by ankle socks and canvas shoes. Pullovers and cardigans were too worn when the atmospheric condition became cooler.[22]
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Roller-skater, Mississippi, 1921.
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Children'southward fashion, Germany, 1925.
Come across also [edit]
- Cosmetics in the 1920s
- Roaring Twenties
- Flapper
- Interwar period
Notes [edit]
- ^ a b c d Marsha W. Fashion Trends of the Twenties. July ane, 2008.
- ^ a b c Fashion in the 1920s (Overview). Popular Civilization Universe: Icons, Idols, Ideas. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
- ^ Mary Louise Roberts, "Samson and Delilah revisited: the politics of women'southward style in 1920s France". American Historical Review 98.3 (1993): 657-684.
- ^ Steven Zdatny, "The Boyish Look and the Liberated Woman: The Politics and Aesthetics of Women's Hairstyles." Way Theory i.4 (1997): 367-397.
- ^ a b Carol Nolan. "Ladies Fashions of the 1920s". Retrieved December 24, 2012.
- ^ "Vogue by the Decade". Faddy.
- ^ Simon Bliss, "'L'intelligence de la parure': Notes on Jewelry Wearing in the 1920s." Fashion Theory 20.1 (2016): 5-26.
- ^ "1920s Jewellery Style and Inspiration". Winterson.
- ^ "A history of jewellery". Victoria and Albert.
- ^ Sancaktar, Asli. "An Analysis of Shoe Within the Context of Social History of Fashion" (PDF).
- ^ a b Langley, Susan (2005-09-28). Roaring '20s Fashions: Jazz. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN9780764323195.
- ^ Hannel, Susan L. (2005). "four The Influence of American Jazz on Fashion". Twentieth-Century American Fashion. Apparel, Torso, Civilization. doi:10.2752/9781847882837/tcaf0008. ISBN9781847882837.
- ^ Hannel, Susan 50. (2002). The Africana craze in the Jazz Age : a comparison of French and American fashion, 1920-1940 / (Thesis). [ permanent dead link ]
- ^ "Textile, Americana Print: Rhapsody, 1925". Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum . Retrieved 2017-10-09 .
- ^ Thornton, Zita (2011). Style for a Jazz Historic period. Chicago, IL: Lightner Publishing Corp. p. 39.
- ^ "Dorsum to Beauty". The Spirella Magazine. May 1928. p. 72.
- ^ a b c Bob Batchelor. "Manner in the 1920s". American Pop: Popular Civilisation Decade by Decade, Volume 1: 1900–1929. Greenwood Press, 2009. pp. 292-302.
- ^ Vermont, Jens Hilke, Academy of. "Women's Clothing - 1920s - Clothing - Dating - Mural Modify Programme". www.uvm.edu . Retrieved 2016-xi-15 .
- ^ "History of Womens Fashion - 1920 to 1929 | Glamourdaze". glamourdaze.com . Retrieved 2016-11-fifteen .
- ^ "What Did Women & Men Wear in the 1920s?". VintageDancer.com. 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2016-11-fifteen .
- ^ "1920s Men'south Mode From Peaky Blinders To Gatsby". The Costume Rag. 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2019-12-17 .
- ^ a b c "1920 Children's Fashion Facts". LoveToKnow . Retrieved 2016-10-17 .
Further reading [edit]
- Arnold, Janet: Patterns of Fashion ii: Englishwomen'due south Dresses and Their Construction C.1860–1940, Wace 1966, Macmillan 1972. Revised metric edition, Drama Books 1977. ISBN 0-89676-027-8
- Black, J. Anderson, and Madge Garland, A History of Fashion, New York, Morrow, 1975
- Boucher, François: 20,000 Years of Way, Harry Abrams, 1966.
- Laver, James: The Concise History of Costume and Fashion, Abrams, 1979.
- Nunn, Joan: Manner in Costume, 1200–2000, 2nd edition, A & C Black (Publishers) Ltd; Chicago: New Amsterdam Books, 2000. (Excerpts online at The Victorian Web)
- Russell, Douglas A. " Costume History and Mode" Stanford University, 1983.
- Steele, Valerie: Paris Way: A Cultural History, Oxford University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-xix-504465-vii
- Steele, Valerie: The Corset, Yale University Printing, 2001
- The Spirella Magazine; MAY 1928
- Children's fashion of the 1920s
External links [edit]
- 1920s Fashion Plates of men, women, and children's way from The Metropolitan Museum of Fine art Libraries
- Photographs from the 1920s taken by photographer, Henry Walker at the University of Houston Digital Library
- "1920s - 20th Century Fashion Drawing and Illustration". Fashion, Jewellery & Accessories. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-01-08. Retrieved 2011-04-03 .
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